At https://www.livescience.com/planet-earth/geology/the-geology-that-holds-up-the-himalayas-is-not-what-we-thought-scientists-discover …. this piece has a revealing sentence. For a century the prevailing theory has been that a collision between Asia and India led to a doubling of the crust – one plate moving beneath the other and creating a strong base on which both the Himalyas and the Tibertan plateau stand. This theory is now thought to be contrary as crust turns semi molten around 25 miles deep – as a result of high temperatures. However, in spite of evidence to the contrary, the theory has remained intact for a hundred years – as ‘any data that would come along would be interpreted in terms of a single double thickness crustal layer.’ In other words, the evidence has always been interpreted by the mainstream mantra. This seems to be how it works across science – scientists kept in line by peer review referring back to the consensus.
A new study claims a piece of mantle is sandwiched between the two crustal plates and this explains why the Himalayas are so tall. Not so much a debunking of the mainstream mantra but more an elaborate explanation to keep it mostly in place. There are of course a lot of rogue ideas on how mountains form that have nothing to do with plate tectonics. These are not mentioned.
At https://dailygalaxy.com/2025/08/powerful-geological-force-moving-earth/ …. the Mantle exhibits solid state flow, we are told. Deep Mantle rocks that remain solid behave like syrup under extreme pressure and temperature. This is said to play a crucial role in tectonic processes such as volcanic activity and plate tectonics. The new findings help to explain how seismic waves behave and how convective currents may drive moving plates.