Zwan Wolf

At https://phys.org/news/2026-05-mars-reveals-zwan-wolf-effect.html …   NASAs MAVEN mission has been looking at how the solar wind  affects Mars – and how it interacts with its thin atmosphere [in comparison with that of Earth and other planets]. They have captured the Zwan-Wolf effect. The term derives from the study of Earth’s magnetosphere and the manner in which charged particles are squeezed like a tube of toothpaste  along magnetic tubes now known as flux tubes. It seem this same squeezing of charged particles occurrs on Mars. However, it does not seem to have a magnetosphere. It does have an ionosphere, as low as 200 km within its atmosphere. These charged particles are  being squeezed and distributed around Mars atmosphere, in a similar process to what happens in a magnetosphere. The latter is a protective sheaf that allows life to function. On Mars we are told it has an ‘induced magnetosphere’ – a magnetic field generated by the solar wind interacting with its ionosphere.