At https://dailygalaxy.com/2025/12/4500-year-old-genome-exposes-fusion-between-ancient-worlds/ … buried for 4500 years in a sealed tomb, a skeleton from ancient Egypt’s Old Kingdom has reshaped what scientists knew about the origin of the pyramid builders. A full human genome was recovered from remains in a ceramic pot. It emerged the skeleton had 80 per cent North African genes and 20 per cent from the Near or Middle East. This proves, we are told, there was movement between those two regions in the run up to the Old Kingdom. However, all is not so clear cut as Neolithic farmers from the Levant or Anatolia had colonised parts of North Africa centuries prior to the Old Kingdom period. These farmers had colonised both sides of the Mediterranean in the Neolithic, but the Berber tribes had been living in North Africa long before that. Surprisingly, there was no indication of genetic mixture with peoples further south in the Nile valley. They appear to have become more signficant during the Middle Kingdom [Middle Bronze] and Late Kingdom {Late Bronze] periods. Lower Nubia was incorporated within greater Egypt, for example. Upperr Nubia became increasingly more important.
The date of the skeleton was between 2850BC and 2570BC – quite a wide carbon 14 average.
At https://phys.org/news/2025-12-fossil-early-migrations-ancient-human.html … a fossil of a Homo erectus skull dating back one and a half million years ago has come up with some interesting data. Differences between the skull and other Homo erectus fossil skulls, for example. This one came from the Horn of Africa – but why would regional differences exist, back then.
At https://phys.org/news/2025-12-pahon-cave-years-stable-stone.html … the Pahon cave in Gabon in central Africa has provided a window on stone tool lithics over a period of 5000 years. Five stratigraphic stages have been defined. It was found the stone tool technology was stable over that entire period – with little evidence of specialisation or the mark of newcomers. The tools date from the Holocene – but raises as many questions as it answers.